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When Hernando Cortez arrived at the Valley of Mexico in 1519, he found a huge city standing in lake Texcoco. This city was Tenochtitlan. Tenochtitlan was the head of all Aztec civilization. From there all armies were sent out to conquer the other cities. When the Spanish came the Aztecs ruled the land from the Gulf of Mexico and down southward to present day Guatamala. The barbarian Aztecs came to Mexico in about A.D. 1200, from there on they put out a pure militaristic empire. At the time their emperor, Montezuma ll., did not have an orginized empire. When the slave cities were taken over, he had no governers or stading armies to control them. Montezuma ll. had to re-con